LOW-COST MONITORING SYSTEM FOR EARLY FAULT DETECTION IN 3S LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62985/j.huit_ojs.vol26.no2E.401Từ khóa:
Lithium-ion battery, dynamic discharge load, early fault detection, cell-level monitoring, low-cost battery systemTóm tắt
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in two-wheel electric vehicles; however, safety risks such as cell imbalance, abnormal current behavior, and localized overheating remain critical concerns during operation. This study experimentally investigates early fault indicators in a 3S lithium-ion battery pack using multi-parameter electrical measurements. Individual cell voltages and pack current were acquired using calibrated instruments under both constant and dynamic load conditions to ensure reliable charging-discharging datasets. The results show that abnormal behaviors, including accelerated voltage drop, cell voltage divergence, and irregular current fluctuations can be detected several seconds before reaching unsafe thresholds. Based on these findings, a low-cost embedded monitoring architecture is proposed for future real-time applications. The system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller, resistor-divider circuits for cell voltage measurement, a bidirectional current sensor, and temperature sensors for continuous monitoring and early fault detection. With its simple design, low cost, and adaptability to both laboratory and practical conditions, the proposed approach offers a promising solution to enhance battery safety in affordable two-wheel electric vehicles.
Tài liệu tham khảo
[1] O. Tremblay and L.-A. Dessaint, “Experimental validation of a battery dynamic model for EV applications,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 289-298, May 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj3020289.
[2] T. Zheng, “Fault diagnosis of overcharge and overdischarge of lithium ion batteries,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 71, pp. 1453–1458, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1871243.
[3] L. Yang, F. Liu, F. Li, Z. Chen, J. Wang, L. Gao, F. Xiao, J. Sun, and A. Romagnoli, “Thermal runaway prevention and mitigation for lithium-ion battery-powered electric aircraft: Challenges and perspectives,” Aerospace Traffic and Safety, vol. 1, pp. 103-118, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aets.2024.12.005.
[4] A. Gao, W. Dong, F. Xu, X. Xu, and L. Fan, “Study on thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion battery under overcharge using numerical detecting method,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2195, no. 1, Art. no. 012017, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2195/1/012017.
[5] B. Zou, L. Zhang, X. Xue, R. Tan, P. Jiang, B. Ma, Z. Song, and W. Hua, “A review on the fault and defect diagnosis of lithium-ion battery for Eletric Vehicles,” Energies, vol. 16, Art. no. 5507, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145507.
[6] I. Lalinde, A. Berrueta, J. J. Valera, J. Arza, P. Sanchis, and A. Ursúa, “Thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries,” in Lithium-Ion Batteries – Recent Advanced and Emerging Topics, IntechOpen, 2022, ch. 1, doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106539.
[7] Z. B. Omariba, L. Zhang, and D. Sun, “Review of battery cell balancing methodologies for optimizing battery pack performance in electric vehicles,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 129335–129352, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940090.
[8] A. Kampker, B. Späth, X. Song, and D. Wang, “Modelling of battery energy storage systems under real-world applications and conditions,” Batteries, vol. 11, no. 11, Art. no. 392, 2025, doi: https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/11/392#.
[9] Y.-U. Na and J.-W. Jeon, “A comparative analysis of thermal runaway trigger methods on lithium-ion pouch batteries for fire investigation,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 196284 - 196298, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3447873.
[10] I. N. Haq, E. Leksono, M. Iqbal, F. X. N. Soelami, N. Nugraha, D. Kurniadi, and B. Yuliarto, “Development of battery management system for cell monitoring and protection,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICEECS), Bali, Indonesia, Nov. 2014, pp. 203–208, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEECS.2014.7045246.
